8a, Cellulosic E85
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8a, Cellulosic E85
BioEthanol
Home Page
Sitemap
About
Foreword
Oil 2.0
Cheaper Than Coal?
The Technology
Footnotes & Links
Site Facilities: 1
Unneeded Old Coal Power Plant
2 New Power Plant
Building
Power Plant: 3 Power Plant
Choices 3a Pilot Plant Power Drop
3b Carbon Capture Power
REACTORS:
3c GA 1,560°F
3d NuScale 550°F
3e ThorCon 1,300°F
3f Terrestrial 1,300°F
Fuel Feedstock:
4 Hydrogen and Steam
Generators 5 Biomass Preparation
6 Plasma Torch Biomass Gasifier
Refinery: 7 Biosynfuel Refinery
8 Biosynthetic Fuels
8a Cellulosic E85 BioEthanol
8b Cellulosic M70 BioMethanol
8c Cellulosic BioDiesel
8d Green Hydrogen
SYNTHETIC CELLULOSIC E85 BioEthanol
as gasoline replacement is
JOB #1
Why?
SYNTHETIC CELLULOSIC FUEL ETHANOL
Current bioethanol plants use fossil fuels for their heat. By heating with "smart dual-fuel" nuclear electricity + natural gas boilers they can go much cleaner.
In the United States, the ethanol fuel industry is based largely on corn. According to the Renewable Fuels Association, as of 30 October 2007, 131 grain ethanol bio-refineries in the United States have the capacity to produce 7.0 billion US gallons (26,000,000 m3) of ethanol per year. An additional 72 construction projects underway (in the U.S.) can add 6.4 billion US gallons (24,000,000 m3) of new capacity in the next 18 months.
Over time, it is believed that a material portion of the ≈150-billion-US-gallon (570,000,000 m3) per year market for gasoline will begin to be replaced with fuel ethanol.[41] - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol
Production from Carbon-neutral (Cn) Captured CO2
Carbon:
(4), one gallon of Cn corn-equivalent synthetic carbon-neutral ethanol
https://www.betalabservices.com/biofuels/synthetic-ethanol.html
Corn Ethanol Energy Balance:
https://www.usda.gov/oce/reports/energy/2008Ethanol_June_final.pdf
Trying to get a handle on the size of the U.S. ethanol instead of gasoline market using biotechnology to make the ethanol:
Comparing 2004 Gasoline and
(Ethanol Equivalents) in Billions of Gallons
(All below from 2004 "21 Century Cellulosic
Ethanol, Biomass, and Biofuels")
Gasoline Ethanol Equivalent
U.S. consumption, 2004:
139
(200)
About 60% from imports:
83
(120)
Requirements to displace 30% of 2004 U.S. consumption:
42
(60)
Biomass requirements at 80 gal/ton:
750 Million ton
Land requirements at 10 ton/acre and 80 gal/ton:
75 Million acre
Numbers of refineries at 100 Million gal/refinery:
600 (each requiring 160 square miles net or 125,000 acres)
Benefits of Biofuels:
Biofuels, especially corn-derived and cellulosic ethanol, constitute the only
renewable liquid transportation fuel option that can be integrated readily with
petroleum-based fuels, fleets, and infrastructure. Production and use of
biofuels can provide substantial benefits to national energy security, economic
growth, and environmental quality.
Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin Content in Various Sources of biomass:
Feedstock / Cellulose / Hemicellulose / Lignin
Corn stover: 36.4 / 22.6 / 16.6
Wheat straw: 38.2 / 24.7 / 23.4
Rice straw: 34.2 / 24.5 / 23.4
Switchgrass: 31.0 / 24.4 / 17.6
Poplar: 49.9 / 20.4 / 18.1
Source: A. Wiselogel, S. Tyson, and D Johnson, "Biomass Feedstock Resources and Composition," pp. 105-18.
An Alternative Route for Biomass to Ethanol: Microbial Conversion of Syngas:
Biomass can be gasified to produce syngas (mostly a mixture of CO and H2). Perhaps surprisingly, syngas has been shown to be converted by certain microbes into products including ethanol (Klasson et al. 1990; Gaddy 2000). These microbes are not well understood, but the process has been taken to small pilot scale. The attraction of this alternative approach to bioethanol is the the theoretical yield is quite high since all the biomass potentially is available as syngas for anaerobic fermentation. This gives theoretical yields greater than 130 gallons per dry ton of biomass.
Background:
[Non-Plasma] Gasification is a combination of pyrolysis and combustion reactions for converting a solid material, such as biomass, to a gasified product (syngas). Gasification is a robust and traditional technology, yet not extensively implemented.
Biopower can use this syngas as a fuel for power production. Once sulfur compounds have been removed, this gas can be converted to other products through catalytic Fisher-Tropsch reactions at high temperatures and pressures. However, these precious-metal catalysts for gas-to-liquid conversion have been explored for over 50 years with incremental improvements. Biocatalysts for some conversion methods are relatively unstudied, operating in aqueous media with the syngas bubbled past at ambient temperature and pressures and representing a strong alternative to traditional catalysis.
Challenges:
How do these biocatalysts carry out transformation that otherwise work only with precious metals at high temperature and pressure? Which enzymes and molecular machines allow [enable] these transformations? Can increased understanding of these protein structure-function relationships aid development of either better biocatalysts or insights to improved inorganic metal catalysts?
Trial and error experimentation has shown that process conditions and reactor design will shift the microorganisms to higher product yields. This is the fundamental and unexplored biological question: How does the regulation of the fermentation pathway allow these environmental shifts (e.g., pH, and medium composition) to induce higher yields?
Syngas Status in Industry:
Bioengineering Resources, Inc. ( http://www.brienergy.com/ ) is a small company developing and soon to be demonstrating its pilot syngas bioethanol process (EERE 2005; BRI Energy 2006). The University of Oklahoma has assembled an integrated gasification and biology program; however, rates remain slow and are limited by the fundamental biology and mass transfer (Klasson et al. 1990).
(End of quotes from 2004 publication "21 Century Cellulosic Ethanol, Biomass, and Biofuels")
6 Conclusions
This analysis shows that biomass-derived ethanol from a thermochemical conversion process
continues to show the potential to be cost-competitive with gasoline. The gasoline equivalent price by higher heating value is $3.11 per gallon, not including retail taxes, tax credits, or costs for distribution, blending, and marketing. The sensitivity analysis shows there is less than ±20% prediction uncertainty in MESP resulting from a ±30% uncertainty in the total capital cost estimation. While there is always a chance of large escalations in capital costs, acquisition of recent estimates and vendor quotes for most of the equipment reduces the probability of gross over- or under-estimation of costs. All processes used in the plant design are commercially available with the exception of the gasifier and tar reformer. Experimental results continue to approach the 2012 technical targets (details in Appendix I), meaning that the predictions presented in this report are closer to practice than those of the previous report published in 2007. Bench-scale experiments have shown that, in areas like methane conversion, actual performance can surpass the technical targets, resulting in reduced actual costs.Process Design and Economics
for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to EthanolThermochemical Pathway by Indirect
Gasification and Mixed Alcohol SynthesisA. Dutta, M. Talmadge, and J. Hensley
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Golden, Colorado
Oil refinery in Texas. They can add small underground nuclear
reactors to manufacture biosynfuels from air's CO2 and water's Hydrogen (H2).
________________________________________________________________
The biosynfuel processes being examined here are both existing and new territory with the material below providing some insight on how they might be designed.
Emissions are not just about carbon dioxide (CO2). In
addition to being fire hazards forever, batteries make a whole bunch of
environment-damaging emissions also.
Carbon-neutral replacement fuels take advantage of all the combustion emission
achievements that took so much time and money to develop in the past.
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This website is a draft. The candidate document's footnote numbers go with a private database. Copy the document's title and submit it to Google. The document may still be posted on the Internet.
https://enerkem.com/facilities/enerkem-alberta-biofuels/
2.806 ----- Production of Hydrogen and Synthesis Gas by High
Temperature Electrolysis
2.807 ----- Bringing biofuels on the market - Options to increase EU biofuels
volumes
2.808 -----
2.809 ----- Bio-Methane and Bio-hydrogen
2.810 ----- Methanol - The Basic Chemical and Energy Feedstock
of the Future - Index Only
2.811 ----- Alternative Energy and Feedstock Sources in the Current Chemical
Landscape - the Methanol Perspective
2.812 ----- Application of Power to Methanol Technology to Integrated Steelworks
for Profitability and CO2 Reduction
2.813 ----- A Novel Condensation Reactor for CO2 to Methanol Conversion for
Storage of Renewable Electric Energy
2.814 ----- European chemistry for growth - Unlocking a competitive, low carbon
and energy efficient future
2.815 ----- Evaluation of Co-Gasification of Black Liquor and Pyrolysis Liquids
from a National Systems Perspective
2.816 ----- CO2 as Feedstock
2.817 ----- Production of Bio-methanol
2.818 ----- Biocatalytic Conversion of Methane to Methanol as a Key Step for
Development of Methane-based Biorefineries
2.819 ----- Methanol as an alternative transportation fuel in the US - MIT
2.820 ----- Petrochemical Outlook - Challenges and Opportunities - Prepared for
EU-OPEC Dialogue - Slide Presentatio
2.821 ----- China's use of fuel methanol and implications on future energy
trends
2.822 ----- The Methanol Story - A Sustainable Fuel for the Future
2.823 ----- The Future of Methanol Fuel - An analysis on the feasibility of
methanol as an alternative fuel
2.824 ----- Methanol as a New Energy Carrier
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News Notes